Applications: Titanium and titanium alloys can be used in aerospace, military, medical, jewelry, telecommunications, and other industries.
Kroll process
Standards for titanium products
ASTM B-265 Titanium and titanium alloy strip, sheet, and plate
ASTM B-348 Titanium and titanium bar and billet
ASTM B-337 Seamless and welded titanium and titanium alloy pipe
ASTM B-338 Seamless and welded titanium and titanium alloy tubes for condensers and heat exchangers
ASTM B-367 Titanium and titanium alloy casting
ASTM B-363 Seamless and welded unalloyed titanium fittings
ASTM B-381 Titanium and titanium alloy forgings
ASTM F-67 Unalloyed titanium for surgical implants
ASTM F-136 Titanium 6Al-4V ELI alloy for surgical implant applications
AMS & MIL Standard for aerospace and military products
Titanium materials’ grades
» Titanium materials of grade 1-4 are unalloyed and considered commercially as pure or “C.P.” Generally speaking the tensile and yield strength goes up with the number of these grades.
» Grade 5, also known as Ti6Al4V, Ti-6Al-4V, or Ti 6-4, is the most commonly used alloy because of its special physical and chemical properties. It has a chemical composition of 6% Aluminum, 4% Vanadium, 0.25% (maximum) Iron, 0.2% (maximum) Oxygen, and the rest is Titanium.
» Grade 7 contains 0.12% to 0.25% Palladium. The small amount of Palladium gives it improved crevice corrosion resistance at low temperatures and high pH.
» Grade 9 contains 3.0% Aluminum and 2.5% Vanadium. It is often used in aircraft tubing for hydraulics and in athletic equipment.
» Grade 12 contains 0.3% Molybdenum and 0.8% Nickel.
» Grade 23 contains 6% Aluminum, 4% Vanadium, and 0.13% (maximum) Oxygen.
Chemical components of each grade
| Grade | Fe% | C% | N% | H% | O% | Al% | V% | Mo% | Ni% | Pd% | Ti |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gr1 | 0.2 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.18 | — | — | — | — | — | BAL. |
| Gr2 | 0.3 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.25 | — | — | — | — | — | BAL. |
| Gr3 | 0.3 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.35 | — | — | — | — | — | BAL. |
| Gr4 | 0.3 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.40 | — | — | — | — | — | BAL |
| Gr5 | 0.25 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.02 | 5.5 – 6.75 | 3.5 – 4.5 | — | — | — | BAL |
| Gr7 | 0.3 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.25 | — | — | — | — | 0.12 – 0.25 | BAL. |
| Gr9 | 0.25 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.15 | 2.5 – 3.3 | 2.0 – 3.0 | — | — | — | BAL. |
| Gr12 | 0.3 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.25 | — | — | 0.2 – 0.4 | 0.6 – 0.9 | — | BAL. |
| Gr23 | 0.3 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.13 | 5.5 – 6.75 | — | — | — | — | BAL |
Mechanical characteristics of each grade
| Grade | Tensile Strength (min) | Yield Strength 0.2% Offset | Elongation in 2 inch or 50mm % (min) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KSI | Mpa | KSI | Mpa | ||
| Gr.1 | 35 | 240 | 20 – 45 | 138 – 310 | 24 |
| Gr.2 | 50 | 345 | 40 – 65 | 275 – 450 | 20 |
| Gr.3 | 65 | 450 | 55 – 80 | 380 – 550 | 18 |
| Gr.4 | 80 | 550 | ≥70 | ≥483 | 15 |
| Gr.5 | 138 | 950 | ≥128 | ≥880 | 14 |
| Gr.7 | 50 | 345 | ≥40 | ≥275 | 24 |
| Gr.9 | 125 | 860 | ≥105 | ≥725 | 10 |
| Gr.12 | 70 | 483 | ≥50 | ≥345 | 18 |
| Gr.23 | 125 | 860 | ≥115 | ≥790 | 15 |